PMC

Effect of metabotropic receptor activation on pyloric activity changes and recovery from decentralization. A: pyloric frequency changes in a representative preparation incubated in 1 mM GABA for ∼12 h (horizontal bar) before decentralization. The 1st bout appears as a low-frequency increase. B: extracellular lvn recordings of pyloric network activity of the preparation in A before GABA incubation, after GABA wash off but before decentralization, at half time (t_1/2) after decentralization, and during the 1st bout of pyloric activity. As sometimes observed, the pyloric rhythm did not completely turn off in this case. C: pyloric frequency changes in a representative preparation incubated with 0.5 mM baclofen for ∼5 h before decentralization. D: extracellular lvn recordings of pyloric network activity of the preparation shown in C before baclofen incubation, in baclofen (marked by *), after baclofen wash off but before decentralization, at half time (t_1/2) after decentralization, and during the 1st bout of pyloric activity. E: pyloric frequency changes in a representative preparation incubated with 0.5 mM muscimol for ∼5 h before decentralization. F: extracellular lvn recordings of pyloric network activity of the preparation in E before muscimol incubation, after muscimol washed off but before decentralization, and at half-time (t_1/2) after decentralization. In A, C, and E decentralization corresponds to time t = 0 and is indicated by ↑ along the time axis, and the 1st bout is indicated by ↓. Time under each extracellular trace in B, D, and F indicates duration of the entire trace.

Recovery process in the model neuron treated with GABA before decentralization. A: bursting frequency in the model neuron “pretreated” with GABA for 45 min before decentralization (horizontal bar). Decentralization (up arrow) corresponds to time t = 0. A significant delay in the deceleration of rhythmic activity occurs after decentralization. The 1st bout is marked by down arrow. The bottom 2 traces show the changes of sensors S_NM and S_A as a function of time. S_A tracks the activity changes instantaneously, whereas S_NM slowly tracks the changes in GABA concentration. B: membrane potential traces of the model neuron activity before GABA incubation, before decentralization but after GABA was removed, and at half-time (t_1/2) after decentralization.

Recovery process after decentralization in the model neuron under control conditions. A: control case. Bursting frequency changes in the model neuron after decentralization. Decentralization corresponds to time t = 0 and is indicated by ↑ under the time axis, and the 1st bout is indicated by ↓. After decentralization, the neuron rapidly stops bursting. Activity becomes stable ∼4.5 h after decentralization (recovered). The bottom 2 traces show the changes of sensors S_NM and S_A as a function of time. S_A tracks the activity changes instantaneously, whereas S_NM does not change in response to activity changes. B: magnified traces of model neuron membrane potential in control conditions before decentralization, during bouting, and after activity has stably recovered.

Various conditions to be considered for decentralization to be effective in improving the health system are proposed.